As well as teaching, he collected many vertebrate skeletons for his museum of comparative anatomy, published over 70 research papers, and became famous for his public dissection of the Tay Whale.
Microscopic anatomy involves the use of optical instruments in the study of the tissues of various structures, known as histology, and also in the study of cells. Also in the 4th century BCE, Herophilos and Erasistratus produced more accurate anatomical descriptions based on vivisection of criminals in Alexandria during the Ptolemaic dynasty.
Lizards are mostly quadrupeds, with the trunk held off the ground by short, sideways-facing legs, but a few species have no limbs and resemble snakes. [2] Anatomy is inherently tied to developmental biology, embryology, comparative anatomy, evolutionary biology, and phylogeny,[3] as these are the processes by which anatomy is generated, both over immediate and long-term timescales. pp. In simple animals, receptor neurons in the body wall cause a local reaction to a stimulus. Air sac extensions from the lungs occupy the centre of some bones. The teeth are merely projections of bony material from the jaw and eventually wear down. These are then closed and the air is forced into the lungs by contraction of the throat. They are supported by the muscles which compose the main part of the trunk. For example, an anatomist is concerned with the shape, size, position, structure, blood supply and innervation of an organ such as the liver; while a physiologist is interested in the production of bile, the role of the liver in nutrition and the regulation of bodily functions. [18] In higher animals striated muscles occur in bundles attached to bone to provide movement and are often arranged in antagonistic sets.
It contracts slowly but maintains contractibility over a wide range of stretch lengths. It is an old science, having its beginnings in prehistoric times. In most vertebrates the notochord becomes the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs. This gave researchers an idea of myosin’s central location. [54], Some of the most striking advances in early anatomy and physiology took place in Hellenistic Alexandria. However, substantially the same structures and tissues are found throughout the rest of the animal kingdom and the term also includes the anatomy of other animals.
[59] During the third century, Greek physicians were able to differentiate nerves from blood vessels and tendons[60] and to realize that the nerves convey neural impulses. Over time, this medical practice expanded by a continually developing understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body.
They also conducted vivisections on the cadavers of condemned criminals, which was considered taboo until the Renaissance—Herophilus was recognized as the first person to perform systematic dissections. Their forked tongues are used as organs of taste and smell and some species have sensory pits on their heads enabling them to locate warm-blooded prey.
[34], Snakes are closely related to lizards, having branched off from a common ancestral lineage during the Cretaceous period, and they share many of the same features. Classes in anatomy needed a continual stream of cadavers for dissection and these were difficult to obtain. [64] Aristotle described vertebrate anatomy based on animal dissection. The bar under the second fenestra has also been lost and the jaws have extreme flexibility allowing the snake to swallow its prey whole. The myofibrils, and resulting myofibers, may be several centimeters in length.
They have an inflexible trunk encased in a horny carapace above and a plastron below. 36 terms. [70]:120–121 Between 1275 and 1326, the anatomists Mondino de Luzzi, Alessandro Achillini and Antonio Benivieni at Bologna carried out the first systematic human dissections since ancient times. Turtles are vegetarians and the typical reptile teeth have been replaced by sharp, horny plates. [61] Herophilus named the meninges and ventricles in the brain, appreciated the division between cerebellum and cerebrum and recognized that the brain was the "seat of intellect" and not a "cooling chamber" as propounded by Aristotle[62] Herophilus is also credited with describing the optic, oculomotor, motor division of the trigeminal, facial, vestibulocochlear and hypoglossal nerves. Connective tissues are fibrous and made up of cells scattered among inorganic material called the extracellular matrix. Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically; that is, respectively, studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or studying by specific systems, such as the nervous or respiratory systems. The neck is long and flexible and the head and the legs can be drawn back inside the shell. Generally, students of certain biological sciences, paramedics, prosthetists and orthotists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, nurses, podiatrists, and medical students learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs, lectures and tutorials and in addition, medical students generally also learn gross anatomy through practical experience of dissection and inspection of cadavers. The legs of most mammals are situated below the trunk, which is held well clear of the ground.
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