Historical research has suggested that the Spanish conquest of the Incas and Peru may have been aided by El Niño conditions. Water gets above 0.5 Celsius or so (red areas), you're detected by drifting buoys and satellites. El Niño and La Niña are opposite phases of what is known as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle.The ENSO cycle is a scientific term that describes the fluctuations in temperature between the ocean and atmosphere in the east-central Equatorial Pacific (approximately between the International Date Line and 120 degrees West). During an El Niño event, which occurs every two to seven years, the water temperature of the Pacific Ocean can rise by 4 degrees Celsius. Warm air rises and changes wind patterns across the whole Pacific.
Record rain and flooding strike Ecuador and northern Peru. to think that they have been happening for many thousands of years. For centuries, Peruvian fishermen reaped a bounty off the Pacific coast of South America, where north- and west-flowing currents pulled cool, nutrient-rich water from the deep. (Photographs courtesy of Armada de Chile.). In the 1920s, a transplanted statistician and physicist from Britain began to piece together the big picture of this global weather-maker. Indicators start to show a decline in the magnitude of the event; Extreme weather and the collapse of monsoon circulation—patterns documented by British and Indian officials, among others—led to great droughts and a few floods in 1876-78, 1896-97, and 1899-1900. In the past year extreme weather swept across the whole world. But every so often, the currents would stop or turn around; warm water from the tropics would drive the fish away and leave the nets empty. What El Niño was identified and named long before science caught up with the phenomenon. But the recorded history of El Niño really starts in the 1500s, when European cultures reached the New World and met indigenous American cultures. Ninety-percent of the potato crops in northern Bolivia perish rough seas.
ones in 1982/83 and 1987. Remote Sensing, Atmosphere At least 26 El Niños were recorded in the 20th century, and each brought its own wrinkles that piqued the interest of scientists and sent ripples through economies. well at predicting La Ninas (cold events). El Nino is the warming of surface water in the eastern Pacific Ocean along the equator. In this volume, Richard Grove and George Adamson chart the dual history of El Niño: as a global phenomenon capable of devastating weather extremes and, since the 18th century, as a developing idea in science and society. Drought conditions spread from the Philippines to Hawaii.
(Cropped image used under a Creative Commons license, courtesy of the David Rumsey Map Collection.). The north-eastern coast experienced warm and dry weather while the southern parts were wetter and cooler.In general, this year's winter across the northern hemisphere could be the mildest on record. Sudden atmospheric pressure increase in Darwin, Australia. The expeditions of Francisco Pizarro provide hints that his conquest may have been aided by the winds of El Niño. In the United States extreme weather brought tornadoes to the southern states. In April 2016, nearly 8,000 tons of sardines died and washed up along the coast of Chile, likely the result of El Niño related changes in the ocean. Sea surface temperatures off the coast of Peru return to normal. Precipitation amounts in Tarawa are four times the normal for July. Nineteen African countries endure severe droughts.
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