[35] This is claimed to prolong lamp life by a factor of typically 3 to 4 times for a lamp frequently switched on as in domestic use,[38] and to reduce the blackening of the ends of the lamp typical of fluorescent tubes.
[42] Electronic ballasts convert supply frequency AC power to variable frequency AC. The fundamental mechanism for conversion of electrical energy to light is emission of a photon when an electron in a mercury atom falls from an excited state into a lower energy level.
Early lamps used thallium as an activator, but emissions of thallium during manufacture were toxic.[77]. The Philips Daylight Deluxe 40-Watt Linear Fluorescent Light. Bright, "A great deal of experimentation had to be done on lamp sizes and shapes, cathode construction, gas pressures of both argon and mercury vapor, colors of fluorescent powders, methods of attaching them to the inside of the tube, and other details of the lamp and its auxiliaries before the new device was ready for the public."[19]. Many different starting circuits have been used. This enables functions such as testing for broken electrodes and missing tubes before attempting to start, detection of tube replacement, and detection of tube type, such that a single ballast can be used with several different tubes. Incident photons have an energy of 5.5 electron volts but produce visible light photons with energy around 2.5 electron volts, so only 45% of the UV energy is used; the rest is dissipated as heat.[34]. application, which at that point was owned by a firm known as Electrons, Inc. Electrons flowing in the arc collide with the mercury atoms. These patents and the inventive efforts that supported them were to be of considerable value when the firm took up fluorescent lighting more than two decades later. Blacklights are a subset of fluorescent lamps that are used to provide near ultraviolet light (at about 360 nm wavelength). [59][failed verification], Due to the mercury content, discarded fluorescent lamps must be treated as hazardous waste. Although Claude's invention required electrodes with a lot of surface area, it showed that a major impediment to gas-based lighting could be overcome. This technique uses a combination filament–cathode at each end of the lamp in conjunction with a mechanical or automatic (bi-metallic) switch (see circuit diagram to the right) that initially connect the filaments in series with the ballast to preheat them; when the arc is struck the filaments are disconnected. This makes them desirable for long-life applications (such as backlights in liquid crystal displays). The extended lifespan and improved efficacy of incandescent bulbs negated one of the key advantages of Moore's lamp, but GE purchased the relevant patents in 1912. [56][57], If a fluorescent lamp is broken, a very small amount of mercury can contaminate the surrounding environment. ", "Science Fact or Science Fiction: Fluorescent Lights", Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Mercury Sources, Reference Report and Guideline for Inventory Level 2, Version 1.4, "Frequently Asked Questions Information on Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) and Mercury", "Mercury-Containing Light Bulb (Lamp) Regulatory Framework", "Mercury-Containing Light Bulb (Lamp) Collection and Recycling Programs Where You Live", "Scientific opinion on light sensitivity", "RF Emissions of Compact Fluorescent Lights", "Accommodation Ideas for Employees with Epilepsy", "Accommodation and Compliance Series: Employees with Lupus", "Frequently Asked Questions Regarding CFLs and Dimming", "Why overdriving could burn down your home", "Photomorphogenesis, photosynthesis, and seed yield of wheat plants grown under red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with and without supplemental blue lighting", T5 Fluorescent Systems — Lighting Research Center, The Fluorescent Lamp: A plasma you can use, "The Fluorescent Lamp: Early U. S. Development", Explanations and schematics of some fluorescent lamps, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&oldid=972535630, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2020, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2013, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with failed verification from March 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016, Articles with disputed statements from January 2019, Articles with incomplete citations from June 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.
Using an amalgam with some other metal reduces the vapor pressure and extends the optimum temperature range upward; however, the bulb wall "cold spot" temperature must still be controlled to prevent condensing. Tubes provide bright, energy efficient light in kitchens, laundry rooms, garages and more with up to 40% energy savings (compared to F32T8 electronic instant start systems). Rapid start ballast designs provide windings within the ballast that continuously warm the cathode filaments. The lamps used in tanning beds contain a different phosphor blend (typically 3 to 5 or more phosphors) that emits both UVA and UVB, provoking a tanning response in most human skin. The Young Newark Electrician's New And Successful Device", "Discover Lighting! This, however, was not the first use of fluorescent coatings; Becquerel had earlier used the idea and Edison used calcium tungstate for his unsuccessful lamp.
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